Medicaid eligibility and enrollment in Wisconsin

Many Medicare beneficiaries receive assistance from Medicaid with Medicare premiums, prescription drug costs, and expenses not covered by Medicare – including long-term care.

Our guide to financial assistance for Medicare enrollees in Wisconsin includes overviews of these benefits, including Medicare Savings Programs, Medicaid nursing home coverage, and eligibility guidelines for assistance.

From March 2020 through March 2023, Medicaid disenrollments were paused nationwide, even if a person’s circumstances changed and they no longer met the Medicaid eligibility guidelines. That ended March 31, 2023, however, and states could resume disenrollments as early as April 1, 2023.

Wisconsin has a webpage devoted to the return to regular Medicaid operations, a Medicaid renewal data dashboard, and a summary of month-by-month enrollment numbers. The first round of disenrollments in Wisconsin came at the end of June 2023. Total enrollment in BadgerCare Plus and Medicaid had reached a high of 1,676,787 in May 2023, and then began to decline at the end of June. By August, 128,000 people had been disenrolled, and total enrollment had dropped to 1,548,787.

Renewals for the entire BadgerCare Plus and Medicaid populations are being spread out over a year-long period, so some people will not have their renewal processed until late 2023 or early 2024. If coverage can be renewed automatically, the person will not need to do anything. But if the state needs additional information, the person will receive a renewal packet that details the necessary information. It’s important to respond promptly to those notices, as coverage will terminate if the state is unable to verify that an enrollee is still eligible for Medicaid.

People who are no longer eligible for Medicaid will generally be eligible for either an employer’s plan, Medicare, or a private plan in the individual/family market. Most employer-sponsored plans have an enrollment window that ends 60 days after the loss of Medicaid, so it’s important for people to act promptly if they’re transitioning to an employer’s plan. For Medicare, there’s a six-month window during which the person can enroll after the loss of Medicaid. And for private plans obtained through HealthCare.gov, there’s a one-time 16-month window (March 31, 2023 through July 31, 2024) during which a person who loses Medicaid at any point in that timeframe can sign up for new coverage (note that this is much more lenient than the normal loss-of-coverage rules, which require a person to enroll within 60 days of losing other coverage).

As of August 2023, there were 275,557 non-disabled adults without minor children who had coverage under BadgerCare Plus (Wisconsin Medicaid). This was an increase of more than 140,000 from March 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began, highlighting the importance of Medicaid in covering people who lost their health coverage and their incomes amid the pandemic. (Note that the non-disabled, non-elderly adults without minor children account for a small portion of the more than 1.5 million Wisconsin residents covered under Medicaid and CHIP). Enrollment of non-disabled adults under age 65 had been even higher — above 306,000 — in early 2023, but as described above, enrollment has been declining since the “unwinding” of the COVID-related continuous coverage rule began.

It’s also important to note that in the other 10 states that have not expanded Medicaid, these people would not be eligible for Medicaid. And since their income is below the poverty level, they would also not be eligible for premium subsidies in the Marketplace, and would fall into the coverage gap instead.

Former Governor Scott Walker, who was opposed to the ACA, opted not to accept federal funding for Wisconsin Medicaid expansion under the ACA, in part because he was concerned that the federal government would not keep its promise to continue to pay at least 90% of the cost. But because Wisconsin has not expanded Medicaid, the state is only receiving its regular federal match rate of 60.1%, and the state is paying the rest (the federal matching rate has been temporarily increased by federal legislation, in order to address the COVID-19 pandemic; Wisconsin’s federal Medicaid funding has been increased to 65.56% during the pandemic, although that will phase back down to its normal level by the start of 2024). If the state were to expand Medicaid to cover adults earning up to 138% of the poverty level, the federal government would pay 90% of the cost of covering able-bodied, childless adults.

A 2020 analysis by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation estimated that 120,000 people would gain access to Medicaid if the state were to accept federal funding to fully expand coverage, and that the state’s uninsured rate would drop by 16%. And because Wisconsin is currently covering adults with income up to the poverty level under the state’s regular state/federal funding split, Wisconsin is the only non-expansion state that would see a direct reduction in state spending by expanding Medicaid (since the federal government would start to pay 90% of the cost of covering the entire Medicaid expansion population, including non-disabled adults with income under the poverty level who are already covered under the state’s non-expansion approach).

Wisconsin’s approach means that the state has essentially expanded Medicaid using its own funds. Georgia is the only other state that has taken a similar approach, although Georgia’s work requirement ensures that only a fraction of adults with income under the poverty level will actually qualify for Medicaid. Utah attempted to get enhanced federal funding for a partial expansion of Medicaid (up to 100% of the poverty level, similar to Wisconsin’s approach), but was unsuccessful. Utah ultimately implemented full Medicaid expansion and is now receiving the enhanced federal funding.

Governor Tony Evers, who took office in early 2019, wants to expand Medicaid in Wisconsin but lawmakers have thus far rejected that option.

Learn how states that expanded Medicaid might reduce spending on Medicaid.

In June 2017, Wisconsin submitted a proposed 1115 waiver to CMS, detailing reforms that the state wanted to make to its existing Medicaid program for childless adults ages 19-64. The proposed changes were called for under the terms of the 2015-2017 budget bill (Act 55) that the state enacted. CMS approved the waiver in October 2018, but with some modifications. And the state submitted a proposal in late 2020, seeking permission to amend the BadgerCare Reform Demonstration by adding a health savings account component; that request was still pending federal approval as of late 2021.

The state’s reforms for childless adult BadgerCare Plus enrollees were slated to take effect in 2020. But in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Wisconsin enacted Assembly Bill 1038 (Act 185) in April 2020, implementing a wide range of measures. Section 105 of the legislation allowed the state to suspend or delay the reforms called for the BadgerCare Reform Demonstration. This enabled Wisconsin to comply with federal requirements for the state to receive the additional federal Medicaid funding that was provided to states in order to address the pandemic (in order to receive the funding, states could not impose new premiums or disenroll people from Medicaid between March 2020 and March 2023; new premiums and a work requirement would have run counter to those rules).

And in April 2021, CMS notified Wisconsin that the federal government was revoking its approval for the community engagement (work) requirement portion of the BadgerCare Reform Demonstration. Here’s a look at what else is in the demonstration project, if and when the state is able to implement the changes:

The 2018 waiver approval extends Wisconsin Medicaid through the end of 2023, and although it initially allowed the state to implement a work requirement for enrollees aged 19 to 49 (that approval has since been revoked), CMS did not approve the state’s proposal to require drug testing as a condition of eligibility for Medicaid. Instead, Wisconsin revised its proposal to include the completion of a health risk assessment as a condition of eligibility. People can be referred for substance abuse treatment based on their health risk assessments, but would not lose their Medicaid eligibility for Medicaid (the substance use disorder monitoring protocol has received specific federal approval).

The state has an FAQ page about the waiver extension and amendment. The approved changes include:

• A Medicaid premium of $8 per month for childless adults with household income between 51 and 100% of the poverty level. There is an option for enrollees to reduce this premium by half if they either don’t engage in behaviors that create a health risk, or if they do but also attest to managing the behavior to improve their health. Healthy behaviors include things like wearing a seat belt, avoiding tobacco products, and maintaining a healthy weight. The premium requirements have been suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to allow the state to receive additional federal Medicaid funding. Although new premiums (and disenrollments) are once again allowed under federal rules as of April 2023, Wisconsin’s Medicaid handbook indicates that the premiums were still suspended as of August 2023.
• An $8 copay for non-emergency use of the emergency department.
• Completion of a health and wellness questionnaire as a condition of eligibility. This replaced the originally proposed drug screening/testing as a condition of eligibility. Although enrollees whose questionnaire answers indicate a need for drug treatment can be referred to treatment options, they will not lose their eligibility for coverage. The health assessment program was also suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Increased coverage for substance abuse treatment, including full residential treatment as an option for all BadgerCare members.
• The work requirement portion of the BadgerCare Reform Demonstration has been eliminated altogether. It was designed to limit Wisconsin Medicaid eligibility to 48 months for non-disabled, non-pregnant enrollees age 19 to 49. After a person reached a total of 48 months of coverage, Wisconsin Medicaid eligibility would have ceased for six months. However, any month during which a Wisconsin Medicaid enrollee was working or engaged in work training for at least 80 hours would not count towards the 48-month limit. Coverage in Wisconsin for childless, non-disabled adults is limited to those with income under the poverty level ($14,580 for a single adult in 2023), so avoiding the lifetime benefit cap while continuing to receive benefits would have involved working enough to satisfy the 80-hour-per-month requirement, while not earning more than $14,580 during the year (the poverty level is adjusted slightly higher each year). But implementation of the work requirement was delayed as a result of COVID-19, and the work requirement approval was entirely revoked by the Biden administration in April 2021.

Prior to 2014, Wisconsin Medicaid had much more generous eligibility guidelines than programs in most other states. It was still limited to children, pregnant women, and parents with dependent children, but it covered them with incomes up to 200% of poverty level (300% for children and pregnant women).

Medicaid expansion under the ACA would have extended Medicaid coverage to everyone — including adults without dependent children — with incomes up to 138% of poverty. But the Supreme Court ruled in 2012 that states could not be penalized if they didn’t expand their programs, and Wisconsin’s former Governor Scott Walker saw an opportunity to revamp the state’s Medicaid program, providing access to coverage for everyone while relying as much as possible on private coverage.

ACA subsidies to purchase private plans in the exchange are only available to people with incomes of at least 100% of the poverty level. So Governor Walker decided to make Wisconsin Medicaid available to everyone with incomes up to 100% of the poverty level (pregnant women and children are still eligible with household incomes up to 300% of poverty level). This meant that about 83,000 adults without dependent children became newly eligible for Wisconsin Medicaid on April 1, 2014.

But in trade, Walker’s plan called for switching to private coverage through the exchange for about 72,000 residents with incomes between 100% and 200% of poverty level.  This group was comprised almost entirely of parents with dependent children, and they were eligible for Wisconsin Medicaid under the old rules. Although this group is now eligible for significant subsidies in the exchange, there are concerns among consumer advocates that the people who were previously insured through Wisconsin Medicaid might not have been able to afford private coverage in the exchange (including the out-of-pocket costs for claims), even with subsidies. (Fortunately, the American Rescue Plan and Inflation Reduction Act have made robust coverage much more affordable for people in this income range, at least through 2025.)

For the people who lost Medicaid eligibility, the exchange provided a special enrollment period that ran through the end of June 2014. But by September 2014, the state estimated that there were still 28,500 former Wisconsin Medicaid enrollees who had not enrolled in coverage through the exchange. As a result, a new special enrollment period was enacted, running from September 4 to November 2, 2014. Ultimately, the state estimated that less than 60% of the people who lost access to Medicaid were able to transition to a private plan in Wisconsin’s exchange.

By not accepting federal funding to expand Medicaid under the ACA, Wisconsin has missed out on billions in federal funding since the beginning of 2014. If the state had accepted Medicaid expansion to cover adults with income up to 138% of the poverty level, the federal government would have paid 100% of the cost through the end of 2016, and would be paying 90% of the cost in 2020 and beyond. But because Wisconsin cuts off Medicaid eligibility at 100% of the poverty level, they aren’t eligible for the enhanced federal match provided by the ACA.

Under the Obama and Trump administrations, some states proposed expanding Medicaid to 100% of the poverty level with full federal funding. But HHS did not agree to that provision, insisting that in order to receive ACA Medicaid expansion funding, states had to expand coverage all the way to 138% of the poverty level (133%, with a built-in 5% income disregard).

Because Wisconsin has taken a unique approach to partially expanding Medicaid, they have been paying more in state funds than they would if they had expanded Medicaid as called for in the ACA. According to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Wisconsin’s direct costs for Medicaid would drop by nearly 7% if the state expanded Medicaid, despite the fact that more people would be covered.